Explain Address Translation, Program’s Address Space, Program Address Space
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Address Translation
• Address Space
– A group of memory addresses usable by something
– Each program (process) and kernel has potentially
different address spaces.
• Address Translation:
– Translate from Virtual Addresses (emitted by CPU)
into Physical Addresses (of memory)
– Mapping often performed in Hardware by Memory
Management Unit (MMU)
Program’s Address Space
• Address space the set of
accessible addresses + state
associated with them:
– For a 32-bit processor there are 232 =
4 billion addresses
• What happens when you read or
write to an address?
– Perhaps Nothing
– Perhaps acts like regular memory
– Perhaps ignores writes
– Perhaps causes I/O operation
• (Memory-mapped I/O)
– Perhaps causes exception (fault)
Program Address Space
– Text: Contain Program Counter(PC), register.
– Data : Contain global variables.
– Stack: Contains temporary data(such as function
parameters, return addresses, local variables).
– Heap: It is memory which is dynamically allocated
during process run time.