Programming paradigms, Procedural programming, Structural programming, Object oriented programming
Programming paradigms:Programming paradigms means the way of writing a program depending upon the requirements. These requirements mainly focus the task of development team to develop programs for the small-scale projects to the large-scale projects. The programming paradigms is categorized into the following way
2. Procedural programming
3. Structural programming
4. Object oriented programming
Procedural programming:
In the procedural programming approach the problem is divided into sequence of functions. The primary focus in this approach is on functions. Number of functions are written to accomplish the task of a project. In a multifunction program important data items are placed as global data and they may be accessed by all the functions. Each function is also having a set of local data items.
The following are the important features:
1. Programs are organized in the form of subroutines and all data items are global
2. Program control achieved by call to subroutines
3. Code reusability occurs
4. Suitable for medium sized software application
5. Difficult to maintain and enhance the program code
The drawback is there is no data security for global data.
Advantages of procedural programming include its relative simplicity, and ease of implementation of compilers and interpreters.
Examples of procedural programming languages include FORTRAN, ALGOL, Pascal, C, MODULA2, Ada, BASIC.
Structured programming
Structured programming is used to develop large-scale projects. The large-scale project consists of large development team, developing different parts of the same project independently. The separately compiled program modules are grouped together to create big projects. In this multiple module program, each module is having a separate set of related functions. The following are important features of structured programming
1. Importance given to algorithm rather than data
2. Projects can be broken up into modules and programmed independently
3. Each module is divided into individual procedures that perform separate tasks.
4. Module are independent of each other as far as possible
5. Modules have their own local data and processing logic
6. User defined data types are introduced.
Object oriented programming: OOP is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as co-operative collections of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united through the property called inheritance.
Object A Object B
Communication
Object based language = encapsulation + object identity
Object oriented language = object based + inheritance + polymorphism
Object oriented programming is an extension for the basic structured programming language. In this technique more importance is given to the data. Using this technique we can combine data as well as operations that can be performed on data as a single unit using “Class data type”.
Benefits of OOP
1. Implementing Reusability by making Reusable Classes and creating Objects from those Classes.
2. Providing various levels of Data protection and hiding by using Public, Private and Protected access specifiers.
3. Providing Protection to Data and Functions both.
4. Helps in creating Flexible, Extensible and Maintainable code.
5. Effective solutions for Real World problems by implementing Classes representing Real World Entities.
6. Quick software development due to Reusability and easy implementation of Real World Entities and their Relationships using Inheritance.
The following are the important features of object-oriented programming.
• Importance given to data rather than algorithm
• Data abstraction is introduced in addition to procedural abstraction.
• Data and associated operations are unified into a single unit
• The objects are grouped with common attribute operation and semantics.
• Programs are designed around the data being operated rather than operate themselves.
• Relation ships can be created between similar, yet distinct data types.